Research Papers
A research paper presents an argument supported by credible evidence from multiple sources. It is the most common long-form writing assignment in high school and college.
Choosing a Topic and Thesis
A strong thesis statement makes a specific, debatable claim — not just a statement of fact. It tells the reader what you will argue and how.
| Weak Thesis | Strong Thesis |
|---|---|
| "Climate change is real." | "Immediate carbon pricing is the most effective policy tool for reducing greenhouse gas emissions." |
| "Social media has effects on teens." | "Social media platforms algorithmically amplify content that increases anxiety in adolescents, requiring regulatory intervention." |
Your thesis should appear at the end of your introduction paragraph.
Evaluating Sources (CRAAP Test)
Not all sources are equal. Use the CRAAP test to evaluate:
- Currency — When was it published? Is it recent enough?
- Relevance — Does it directly relate to your topic?
- Authority — Who wrote it? Are they an expert?
- Accuracy — Is it fact-checked? Does it cite evidence?
- Purpose — Why was it written? Is it objective or biased?
MLA Citation Basics
MLA format is standard for English and humanities papers.
Works Cited Format
Book: Last, First. Title of Book. Publisher, Year.
Article: Last, First. "Article Title." Journal Name, vol. #, no. #, Year, pp. #–#.
Website: Last, First. "Page Title." Site Name, Date, URL.
In-text citation
Quote or paraphrase followed by (Author Last Page#): "The data supports this claim" (Smith 47).
Structure of a Research Paper
- Introduction — Hook, background, thesis
- Body Paragraphs — Each one: topic sentence, evidence, analysis, transition
- Counterargument — Acknowledge the opposing view, then refute it
- Conclusion — Restate thesis, summarize key points, broader significance
- Works Cited — All sources alphabetically by author last name
Quick Quiz
Test what you just learned. Choose the best answer for each question.